Posts & blogs are the same - the full title is a "blog post", so some people just refer to it as a shortened version, calling it either "blog" or "post".

The only 2 technically different types of "articles" on your WordPress site are "posts" and "pages".

The difference is this;

A post is used to publish content that you would like you your visitors/subscribers to be notified about (as it appears in feeds, such as your blogroll).

A page is used for content that you wish to display on your website, but not necessarily notify your users about. A good example is a "terms of service" page. You want this on your website, but you don't necessarily need to broadcast it to your readers - it can just be linked from a menu item for them to find at their convinience.

While the blog and post are related, you can understand it like this: A blog comes with a website where you put your posts in everyday, week, or month. I don't know about you getting "dinged" for putting a post or website link on a blog. If you are talking about putting a link here in the W.A. community area then there is a problem if the link has monetary benefits for you or if it is an affiliated promotion. May this be help to you. All the best!

I would say, that's pretty much it !